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Understanding ADHD in Children
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often begins in early childhood and can create significant challenges for children, particularly in settings like classrooms where focus and stillness are required. Common signs of ADHD are often visible at home or when a child struggles to interact well with peers. While some children may outgrow the disorder, for most, ADHD continues into adulthood.
An ADHD diagnosis does not imply that a child is misbehaved or that parenting is to blame. Instead, it highlights the need for professional treatment and support beyond what a parent alone can provide.
What is ADHD?
ADHD is a behavioral condition characterized by difficulties in focusing on daily tasks and routines (American Psychological Association, n.d.). Without treatment, children with ADHD may experience poor academic performance, challenges in relationships, and higher risks of substance abuse and injury as they grow older (Chang, 2020). The disorder can be identified as early as preschool, with signs observed in children as young as 3 often leading to a formal diagnosis by age 13 (CHADD, n.d.).
ADHD Statistics
Approximately 8.7% of U.S. adolescents aged 13 to 18 have been diagnosed with ADHD at some point in their lives (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.). Boys are diagnosed with ADHD more than twice as often as girls (Danielson, 2018). However, some experts believe that ADHD may be equally common in girls, though it often emerges at later ages with less overt symptoms.
The increase in ADHD diagnoses over time is attributed to heightened awareness, improved detection methods, and the identification of milder cases (American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2013).
Causes of ADHD
The specific causes of ADHD are not yet fully understood. Researchers believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the disorder. For example, 75% of children with ADHD have a relative with the condition (American Psychiatric Association, n.d.). There have been studies suggesting a link between smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy and an increased risk of ADHD in children, but the evidence is not conclusive enough to establish a direct cause (Huang, 2018; Eilertsen, 2017).
ADHD Symptoms in Children
ADHD symptoms extend beyond occasional fidgeting or daydreaming. The disorder is categorized into two primary types: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Children may exhibit symptoms of one or both types. Here are key symptoms to watch for (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.):
Primarily Inattentive
- Difficulty paying close attention to details, leading to careless mistakes
- Struggles to maintain focus on tasks or activities
- Appears not to listen when spoken to directly
- Fails to follow through on instructions
- Has trouble organizing tasks, resulting in missed deadlines
- Avoids or is reluctant to engage in tasks requiring sustained mental effort
- Frequently loses items necessary for tasks or daily life
- Is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
- Forgets daily activities, tasks, or appointments
Primarily Hyperactive-Impulsive
- Fidgets, taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat
- Struggles to remain seated
- Appears to be constantly “on the go” or acts as if driven by a motor
- Has difficulty engaging in quiet leisure activities
- Talks excessively
- Blurts out answers before questions are completed
- Has trouble waiting in line or for their turn
- Interrupts or intrudes on others’ conversations or games
Diagnosing ADHD
There is no single test for ADHD; diagnosis involves a comprehensive evaluation. If ADHD is suspected, whether by a parent or teacher, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider. A psychiatrist, psychologist, or pediatrician can perform the evaluation. Diagnosis involves gathering information from multiple sources, including parents, teachers, and other caregivers, about the child’s behavior across different settings (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019).
The diagnosis is based on criteria outlined in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which includes:
- Six or more symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity in children up to age 16, or five or more for individuals aged 17 and older
- Symptoms present for at least six months and significantly impacting functioning or development
- Symptoms evident before age 12 and in more than one setting, such as at home and school
- Symptoms not better explained by another mental disorder
Due to the complexities involved, diagnosing ADHD on your own or through online quizzes is not advised (American Academy of Family Physicians, n.d.).
ADHD in Girls
Boys with ADHD are often diagnosed due to overt hyperactivity. However, ADHD in girls can be more subtle and may go unrecognized. Girls with ADHD might experience similar attention issues without displaying hyperactive behaviors. This can result in undiagnosed ADHD and an increased risk of developing depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem (Quinn, 2014).
Coexisting Conditions
ADHD frequently coexists with other mental health conditions. Among children with ADHD, about 27% also have conduct disorder, characterized by aggressive and hostile behaviors. Approximately 14% of children with ADHD experience depression, and 18% have anxiety. Around half of children with ADHD also have a learning disorder (Larson, 2007). The overlap of symptoms can make it challenging to distinguish ADHD from other disorders.
ADHD Medication and Treatment
Several medications are effective for treating ADHD, with Adderall and Ritalin being among the most common options. These medications have undergone extensive testing and are effective in approximately 70-80% of patients (Magnus, 2020). Despite being stimulants, these drugs often have a calming effect on individuals with ADHD (American Academy of Family Physicians, n.d.).
Treatment for ADHD should include medication as well as additional long-term strategies, such as:
- Developing a comprehensive plan with goals and regular monitoring
- Educating parents about ADHD and providing training in behavior management
- Collaborating with a team that includes parents, teachers, doctors, and the child
- Providing family and individual counseling
Managing ADHD requires patience and ongoing support. Without proper treatment and support, ADHD can lead to more severe issues as a child grows, including substance abuse, risky behaviors, and academic struggles (CHADD, n.d.; Chen, 2018; Chang, 2020).
At Priority Medical Group, we are committed to understanding the complexities of ADHD and providing support to help your child thrive. Contact us today for personalized guidance and assistance.
DISCLAIMER: If you have any medical questions or concerns, please talk to your healthcare provider. The articles on Health Guide are based on peer-reviewed research and information from medical societies and governmental agencies. However, they are not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
Sources:
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2013). ADHD: Overview. https://www.aacap.org
American Academy of Family Physicians. (n.d.). ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment. https://www.aafp.org
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Chang, Z. (2020). The Long-Term Impact of ADHD: A Review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. https://www.jcpp.org
Danielson, M. (2018). Prevalence of ADHD among Adolescents. Journal of . https://www.jad.org
FAQ:
| What are the first signs of ADHD in children? | Early signs of ADHD include difficulty focusing on tasks, frequent fidgeting, and trouble following instructions. Children may also struggle with organization and often lose things. |
| How is ADHD diagnosed? | ADHD is diagnosed through a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare provider, including input from parents, teachers, and other caregivers. Diagnosis is based on criteria in the DSM-5. |
| What are the treatment options for ADHD? | Treatment for ADHD typically includes medication such as Adderall or Ritalin, along with behavioral therapy, educational support, and counseling. A comprehensive plan tailored to the child’s needs is essential. |
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