 -Kirk Tjalas, F.N.P.
Kirk Tjalas, F.N.P., provides exceptional care and meticulous attention to detail for every patient concern, ensuring comprehensive and personalized treatment for optimal health outcomes. |
The term “hypochondria” was once commonly used to describe individuals with an excessive preoccupation with having or developing serious illnesses. However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) no longer recognizes hypochondriasis as a valid diagnosis. This change was made, in part, because the term often made patients feel that their concerns were not taken seriously (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020).
Instead, what was once called hypochondria is now categorized into two distinct conditions: somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and illness anxiety disorder (IAD). Research indicates that around 75% of individuals previously diagnosed with hypochondria now fall under the SSD category, while the remaining 25% have IAD (Bailer, 2015). Together, these conditions are more common than many might think, affecting about one in ten people (D’Souza, 2021).
At Aktwisted Wellness, we are dedicated to providing accurate information and effective support for those dealing with health anxiety. This blog post will explore what SSD and IAD are, their causes, and how they can be treated.
What is Illness Anxiety Disorder?
Illness anxiety disorder (IAD) involves a persistent fear of having a serious medical illness. Individuals with IAD typically exhibit high levels of health-related anxiety, which leads them to frequently check for signs of illness. This can include behaviors like constantly monitoring their body for symptoms, repeatedly taking their temperature, or seeking medical tests and consultations. On the other hand, some individuals with IAD may avoid doctors and medical tests altogether due to their fear of discovering a serious illness.
While occasional concerns about health are normal, for those with IAD, these worries are intense, debilitating, and persistent, often lasting for six months or longer. During this time, the specific illness they fear may change, but their anxiety levels remain consistently high (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2013). These fears can interfere significantly with daily life, affecting work, relationships, and social activities, even when medical tests repeatedly show no evidence of illness.
Causes of Illness Anxiety Disorder
The exact causes of IAD are not well understood, but several factors may increase the risk of developing this disorder:
- Childhood Illness or Trauma: Experiencing a severe illness in childhood or having a close family member with a serious medical condition can increase the risk of developing IAD (French, 2021).
- Family Influence: Being raised in an environment where health was a constant concern, or where parents exhibited excessive worry about health, can contribute to the development of IAD.
- Underlying Anxiety Disorders: Individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders are at higher risk for IAD, as are those who are particularly sensitive to normal bodily changes and sensations (French, 2021).
What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?
Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is characterized by an excessive focus on physical symptoms that may or may not have a medical explanation. Unlike IAD, where the fear of illness predominates, individuals with SSD are preoccupied with actual physical symptoms, such as pain or fatigue, and believe these are signs of a serious illness. They may continue to worry about these symptoms even after medical evaluations have shown there is no underlying serious medical condition (D’Souza, 2021).
People with SSD may exhibit the following:
- Persistent and Disproportionate Thoughts: Continuous worry about the seriousness of their symptoms, even if they are mild or typical bodily sensations.
- High Levels of Health Anxiety: Persistent anxiety about their health and the belief that their symptoms indicate a severe condition.
- Excessive Time and Energy: Spending a significant amount of time and effort on health concerns, such as frequent doctor visits or obsessing over health information.
Individuals with SSD often experience comorbid anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, further complicating their condition (Bailer, 2015).
Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorder
Similar to IAD, the exact causes of SSD are not fully known, but several factors may contribute:
- Childhood Trauma: Experiences of neglect, sexual abuse, or exposure to a chaotic lifestyle during childhood can increase the risk of developing SSD.
- Substance Abuse: A history of substance abuse may also be a contributing factor.
- Personality Disorders: Certain personality disorders, including avoidant, paranoid, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, are associated with a higher risk of SSD.
- Psychosocial Stressors: Stressful life events, such as unemployment or high job-related stress, can trigger or exacerbate symptoms of SSD.
Treatment for Anxiety Disorders
Since SSD and IAD are categorized as anxiety disorders, effective management typically involves working with a mental health professional. Treatment often focuses on identifying and managing triggers that exacerbate symptoms and may include:
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A common form of psychotherapy that helps patients develop coping strategies and change negative thought patterns. CBT has been shown to be particularly effective for individuals with SSD and IAD.
- Medication: Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. However, medication is usually part of a broader treatment plan that includes therapy.
- Education and Support: Educating patients about their conditions and providing support can help reduce anxiety and improve coping skills.
Conclusion
Understanding the complexities of health anxiety, including somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder, is crucial for effective treatment and management. At Aktwisted Wellness, we are committed to helping individuals manage their health concerns and improve their quality of life. If you or someone you know is struggling with health anxiety, contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can help.
Disclaimer
If you have any medical questions or concerns, please talk to your healthcare provider. The information provided here is based on peer-reviewed research and medical guidelines but should not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
References
- American Psychological Association (APA). (2020). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
- Bailer, J., Kerstner, T., Witthöft, M., Diener, C., & Mier, D. (2015). Health anxiety and hypochondriasis in the light of DSM-5. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(1), 20-27.
- D’Souza, R. S., Hooten, W. M., Gagne, J., Carter, R. E., Clavel, A. L., Warner, D. O., & Watanabe, L. M. (2021). Health Anxiety: Diagnostic Considerations in Primary Care. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 15(4), 405-412.
- French, D. P., & Marteau, T. M. (2021). Psychological perspectives on the prevention of health anxiety and illness anxiety disorder. Health Psychology Review, 15(1), 76-95.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2013). Illness Anxiety Disorder: Clinical Guidance and Resources.
FAQ:
| 1. What is the difference between somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and illness anxiety disorder (IAD)? | SSD involves excessive focus on physical symptoms, such as pain or fatigue, with concerns that these symptoms are signs of a serious illness, even when there is no medical evidence to support this. In contrast, IAD is characterized by a preoccupation with having or developing a serious illness, accompanied by high levels of health anxiety, even in the absence of significant physical symptoms. |
| 2. Can somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and illness anxiety disorder (IAD) be treated? | Yes, both SSD and IAD can be effectively managed with treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is commonly used to help individuals change negative thought patterns and develop healthier coping mechanisms. Medications such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications may also be prescribed to alleviate symptoms. Consulting with a mental health professional is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. |
| 3. How can I tell if I have an illness or anxiety disorder or if I am just concerned about my health? | It’s normal to be concerned about your health occasionally. However, if your worries about health are persistent, excessive, and impact your daily life—such as leading to frequent doctor visits, avoiding medical care, or experiencing constant anxiety about potential illnesses—you may be experiencing an illness anxiety disorder. It’s important to consult a healthcare provider or mental health professional for a proper assessment. |
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